what are the types of bladder cancer

Types of bladder cancer include:

• Urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma, previously called transitional cell carcinoma, occurs in the cells that line the inside of the bladder. …
• Squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is associated with chronic irritation of the bladder, for instance from an infection or from long-term use of a urinary catheter. …
• Adenocarcinoma. …

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What is the worst type of bladder cancer?

Types of Urothelial Cancer. Precursor lesions ▼. Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma ▼. Morphologic Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma ▼. PD-L1 Testing in Urothelial Carcinoma ▼.

What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

Are there different types of bladder cancer? There are several different types of bladder cancers. 2 However, one type of bladder cancer—called urothelial carcinoma—is by far the most common in the United States. Other types of bladder cancer include: Squamous cell carcinoma; Adenocarcinoma; Small cell carcinoma; Sarcomas

Are there different types of bladder cancer?

What are the types of bladder cancer tumors that may form? Papillary tumors stick out from the bladder lining on a stalk. They tend to grow into the bladder cavity, away from the bladder wall, instead of … Sessile tumors lie flat against the bladder lining. …

What are the chances of dying from bladder cancer?

Types of Bladder Cancer Transitional Cell Carcinoma Transitional cell carcinomas account for more than 90 percent of all bladder cancers. Early transitional cell carcinomas most commonly occur as one or more superficial papillary tumors that are easily treated. More advanced cases can invade the bladder’s muscular wall. Squamous Cell Cancer

How many kinds of bladder cancer are there?

The most common type of bladder cancer is transitional cell bladder cancer. This is also called urothelial bladder cancer. Rarer types include squamous cell bladder cancer, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma and small cell bladder cancer.

What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

Urothelial carcinoma, also known as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), is by far the most common type of bladder cancer. In fact, if you have bladder cancer it’s almost certain to be a urothelial carcinoma.

How many grades of bladder cancer are there?

Grades of bladder cancer Cancer cells are split into 3 grades (from 1 to 3) depending what they look like under the microscope. The grade gives doctors an idea of how the cancer might behave.

What is an aggressive form of bladder cancer?

Muscle invasive bladder cancer is a serious and more advanced stage of bladder cancer. MIBC is when the cancer has grown far into the wall of the bladder (Stages T2 and beyond). For patients with MIBC, the overall prognosis (how the disease may progress) is dependent on stage and treatment.

What is the life expectancy of someone with bladder cancer?

5-year relative survival rates for bladder cancerSEER Stage5-year Relative Survival RateIn situ alone Localized96% 70%Regional38%Distant6%All SEER stages combined77%Mar 1, 2022

Where does bladder cancer spread first?

When bladder cancer spreads, it first invades the bladder wall, which is made up of four distinct layers. It can take some time for cancer to penetrate all of these layers, but once it has, it can then spread into the surrounding fatty tissues and lymph nodes.

What is the difference between low grade and high grade bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer can also be described as either low grade or high grade. Low grade bladder cancer means that your cancer is less likely to grow, spread and come back after treatment. High grade means your cancer is more likely to grow spread and come back after treatment.

What does G3 mean in bladder cancer?

GRADING OF A BLADDER CANCER Often this number has a G as a prefix to show it represents the grade, e.g. G1, G2 or G3. Grade 1 (low) is the least aggressive meaning that the tumour is less likely to spread. Grade 2 is moderately aggressive. Grade 3 (high) is the most aggressive and most likely to grow and spread.

What is Stage T3 bladder cancer?

T3: The tumor has grown into the peripelvic fat (layers of fat around the kidney), into the renal parenchyma (the part of the kidney that filters blood and makes urine), or into the fat around the ureter. T4: The tumor has spread to nearby organs or into the outer layer of fat on the kidney.

What are the signs that bladder cancer has spread?

The signs and symptoms of bladder cancer that has spread to other parts of the body include:tiredness or weakness.pain when urinating.difficulty urinating or inability to urinate.pain in the lower back on one side of the body.weight loss.swollen feet.bone pain.

How fast growing is bladder cancer?

low grade – the cancer cells are usually slow-growing. Most bladder tumours are low grade. high grade – the cancer cells look very abnormal and grow quickly. They are more likely to spread.

What size bladder tumor is considered large?

First, there is no common agreement regarding what size a bladder tumor constitutes a “large tumor.” In the literature, a large tumor has been variously defined as one with a total resected weight > 50 g, a weight ≥15 g, and a diameter > 5 cm [2-4].

What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

The most common type of bladder cancer is transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma (TCC). This type accounts for about 95 percent of bladder cancers.

Is bladder cancer invasive?

Almost all squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder are invasive. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder closely resembles the gland-forming cells seen in colon cancers, and accounts for about 1 percent of bladder cancers in the United States.

What is the name of the tumor that grows out of the bladder?

Papillary carcinoma: Grows out from the inner surface of the bladder toward the hollow center in finger-like projections. Often, these tumors are called noninvasive papillary cancers, meaning they don’t grow into the deeper layers of the bladder wall.

What percentage of bladder cancer is squamous cell carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 1 percent to 2 percent of bladder cancers diagnosed in the United States. Squamous cells look similar to the flat cells on the surface of the skin. Almost all squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder are invasive.

Where does bladder cancer start?

This type of bladder cancer begins in neuroendocrine cells, which are similar to nerves. Sarcoma is another very rare type of bladder cancer that begins in the muscle layer of the bladder wall.

What is flat carcinoma?

If a flat carcinoma is confined to the urothelium, it is called noninvasive flat carcinoma or flat carcinoma in situ. Rarer forms of bladder cancer include: Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 1 percent to 2 percent of bladder cancers diagnosed in the United States.

What is low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma?

Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas are characterized by orderly appearance of cells that are evenly spaced and cohesive. There is minimal but definitive nuclear atypia that is characterized by hyperchromasia, mild variation of nuclear size and mitoses are infrequent.

Is urothelial carcinoma in situ?

Urothelial carcinoma in-situ (CIS): In contrast to papillary carcinomas, CIS is a flat high-grade cancer that is difficult to visualize in cystoscopy. CIS is always high-grade as it has a has a 50% to 75% risk of becoming invasive, if left untreated.

What is a low grade tumor?

Those tumors with mild atypia are called “low-grade”, while those tumors with more pronounced atypia are called “high-grade.”. Both low- and high-grade tumors can be multifocal and frequently recur after resection. Low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas are characterized by orderly appearance of cells that are evenly spaced and cohesive.

Can PD-L1 be tested for immunotherapy?

With the advent of immunotherapy and FDA approval of immunotherapy in certain patients, testing of PD-L1 expression in urothelial carcinomas has become frequent. PD-L1 expression is tested using immunohistochemistry on the same tissue that has been used for a pathologic diagnosis. Patients with a positive test result are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, but some patients with negative tests can also show some favorable response.

Is a mesenchymal tumor benign?

Mesenchymal tumors arise from the connective tissue cells of the bladder. These tumors are much less common than urothelial tumors and can be benign or malignant. Malignant mesenchymal tumors are termed sarcomas. Sarcomas can become large and have the capacity to invade adjacent organs and give rise to distant metastases. The most common sarcoma of infancy is rhabdomyosarcoma and of adults is leiomyosarcomas.

What is the most significant prognostic factor?

The extent of invasion is the most significant prognostic factor and determines the type of therapy. Understaging a tumor in a bladder biopsy is a common problem. Tumors that invade the lamina propria only are frequently managed conservatively with a combination of transurethral resection and intravesical therapy …

What are the different types of bladder cancer?

There are several different types of bladder cancers. 2 However, one type of bladder cancer—called urothelial carcinoma —is by far the most common in the United States. Other types of bladder cancer include: 1 Squamous cell carcinoma 2 Adenocarcinoma 3 Small cell carcinoma 4 Sarcomas

What is bladder cancer?

What is a bladder tumor? When cancer cells start growing in the bladder, they can form a group of cells called a bladder tumor . A bladder tumor is sometimes called a bladder mass. Bladder tumors made up of cancer cells are called malignant tumors, and these cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body outside of the bladder.

Do cancer cells die off?

Cancer cells grow in an uncontrolled way. New cancer cells keep developing, but the old cancer cells do not die off as they should. The cancer cells can start to crowd out the healthy cells.

What is urothelial carcinoma?

What is a urothelial carcinoma? Around 90% of people who are diagnosed with bladder cancer in the United States have the type called urothelial carcinoma. 2,3 It is called “urothelial” because the cancer cells start out by developing in the lining of the bladder walls, in a layer of cells called the urothelium.

Is bladder cancer invasive?

Bladder cancer can be invasive or non-invasive. If it is non-invasive, then all the cancer cells are still located in the thin layer of cells in the lining of the bladder wall (the urothelium) and have not grown deeper into the bladder. If it is invasive, then the cancer cells have grown deeper into the bladder wall.

Can bladder cancer spread to other areas?

If it is invasive, then the cancer cells have grown deeper into the bladder wall. Bladder cancer that is invasive is more likely to spread into the bladder muscle and on to other areas of the body. The shape of a bladder tumor can be either papillary or flat. Both papillary and flat tumors can be invasive or non-invasive, …

What is a flat tumor?

Papillary or flat tumors. Papillary tumors grow out from the inner lining toward the hollow center of the bladder, in slim finger-shaped growths. These are often non-invasive, because they grow outward from the bladder lining rather than inward deeper into the bladder walls. One type of slow growing, non-invasive papillary bladder cancer is called …

What are the different grades of bladder cancer?

What are the different “grades” for a bladder cancer tumor? Grade is expressed as a number between 1 (low) and 3 (high, i.e. G3); the higher the number the less the tumor resembles a normal cell. In lieu of numbers to grade a bladder cancer tumor, your doctor may refer to the tumor simply as low or high grade.

Where do bladder cancers occur?

While the majority of bladder cancers (approximately 90-95%) arise in the bladder, the urothelial cells that line the bladder are found in other locations in the urinary system. Sometimes these urothelial cancers can occur in the lining of the kidney or in the ureter that connects the kidney to the bladder.

What are the stages of bladder cancer?

Stage suggests the location of the tumor in relation to the inner lining of the bladder. The higher the stage the further the tumor has grown away from its original site on the surface. The following are the stages for bladder tumors: 1 T0: No tumor 2 Ta: Papillary tumor without invading the bladder wall 3 TIS (CIS): Carcinoma in situ (non-invasive flat high- grade (G3) cancer) 4 T1: Tumor invades the connective tissue under the surface lining 5 T2: Tumor invades the muscle layer 6 T3: Tumor penetrates the bladder wall and invades the surrounding fat layer 7 T4: Tumor invades other organs (i.e., prostate, uterus, vagina, pelvic wall)

Where do papillary tumors grow?

Papillary tumors stick out from the bladder lining on a stalk. They tend to grow into the bladder cavity, away from the bladder wall, instead of deeper into the layers of the bladder wall. Sessile tumors lie flat against the bladder lining.

What is CIS in a patient?

CIS is a type of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer that is of higher grade and increases the risk of recurrence and progression. At diagnosis, approximately 10% of patients with bladder cancer present with CIS.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinomas account for more than 90 percent of all bladder cancers. Early transitional cell carcinomas most commonly occur as one or more superficial papillary tumors that are easily treated. More advanced cases can invade the bladder’s muscular wall.

Squamous Cell Cancer

About 8 percent of bladder cancers are the squamous cell type and usually have infiltrated the bladder wall at the time of diagnosis.

Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinomas account for about 2 percent of all bladder cancers. This type is likely to have spread from a primary cancer in the bowel.

What type of cancer is a bladder cancer?

Less than 1% of bladder cancers are small-cell carcinomas. They start in nerve-like cells called neuroendocrine cells. These cancers often grow quickly and usually need to be treated with chemotherapy like that used for small cell carcinoma of the lung.

What is the most common type of bladder cancer?

Urothelial carcinoma, also known as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), is by far the most common type of bladder cancer. In fact, if you have bladder cancer it’s almost certain to be a urothelial carcinoma. These cancers start in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder.

Where does cancer spread?

(To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?) The bladder is a hollow organ in the lower pelvis. It has flexible, muscular walls that can stretch to hold urine and squeeze to send it out of the body.

What is the function of the bladder?

It has flexible, muscular walls that can stretch to hold urine and squeeze to send it out of the body. The bladder’s main job is to store urine. Urine is liquid waste made by the 2 kidneys and then carried to the bladder through 2 tubes called ureters.

What is the job of the bladder?

The bladder’s main job is to store urine. Urine is liquid waste made by the 2 kidneys and then carried to the bladder through 2 tubes called ureters. When you urinate, the muscles in the bladder contract, and urine is forced out of the bladder through a tube called the urethra.

Can bladder cancer be treated with chemotherapy?

These less common types of bladder cancer (other than sarcoma) are treated a lot like TCCs, especially early-stage tumors, but if chemotherapy is needed, different drugs might be used.

What is the bladder wall made of?

The wall of the bladder has many several layers. Each layer is made up of different kinds of cells (see Bladder Cancer Stages for details on the different layers). Most bladder cancers start in the innermost lining of the bladder, which is called the urothelium or transitional epithelium. As the cancer grows into or through the other layers in …

What is the first treatment for bladder cancer?

Chemo (with or without radiation) is typically the first treatment when bladder cancer has spread to distant parts of the body (M1). After this treatment the cancer is rechecked. If it looks like it’s gone, a boost of radiation to the bladder may be given or cystectomy might be done.

Can bladder cancer be cured?

The outlook for people with stage 0a (non-invasive papillary) bladder cancer is very good. These cancers can be cured with treatment. During long-term follow-up care, more superficial cancers are often found in the bladder or in other parts of the urinary system.

What are the factors that affect cancer treatment?

Other factors, such as the size of the tumor, how fast the cancer cells are growing (grade), and a person’s overall health and preferences, also affect treatment options.

What is stage 0 bladder cancer?

Stage 0 bladder cancer includes non-invasive papillary carcinoma (Ta) and flat non-invasive carcinoma (Tis or carcinoma in situ). In either case, the cancer is only in the inner lining layer of the bladder. It has not invaded (spread deeper into) the bladder wall.

Can stage IV cancer spread to lymph nodes?

These cancers have reached the pelvic or abdominal wall (T4b), may have spread to nearby lymph nodes (any N), and/or have spread to distant parts of the body (M1). Stage IV cancers are very hard to get rid of completely.

How to get rid of stage IV cancer?

The tumor is then rechecked. If it appears to be gone, chemo with or without radiation or cystectomy are options.

What is the treatment for T3 tumors?

An option for some patients with single, small tumors (some T3) might be treatment with a second (and more extensive) transurethral resection (TURBT) followed by a combination of chemo and radiation. If cancer is still found when cystoscopy is repeated, cystectomy might be needed.